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Solidarity in Action • Bill Lann Lee, Former Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights • Akiyu Hatano, Educator • Frank Wu, Law Profesor • Butch Wing, Activist • Nobuko Miyamoto, Artist • The Struggle for Justice: A Timeline of Asian American and African American history • Washington Journal: Black Like Us

The Struggle for Justice: A Timeline, 1517 to 1992

1500 to 1860: Pre-Civil War

1517 — Black plantation slavery begins in the New World when Spaniards begin importing slaves from Africa to replace Native Americans who died from harsh working conditions and exposure to disease.

1619 — A Dutch ship with 20 African slaves aboard arrives at the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia.

1763 — First recorded settlement of Filipinos in America. To escape imprisonment aboard Spanish galleons they jump ship in New Orleans and flee into the bayous of Louisiana.

1770 ¤ Crispus Attucks, an escaped slave, is killed by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre. He is one of the first men to die in the cause of American independence.

1790 — First recorded arrival of South Asians in the United States.

1793 — Congress passes the first Fugitive Slave Act, making it a crime to harbour an escaped slave or to interfere with his or her arrest.

1820 Â The Missouri Compromise provides for Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and western territories north of Missouri’s southern border to be free soil.

1831 — Nat Turner leads the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history, attracting up to 75 fellow slaves and killing 60 whites.

1848 — Gold discovered in California. Chinese miners begin to arrive.

1857 — In its Dred Scott decision, the U.S. Supreme Court legalizes slavery in all the territories.
— Central Pacific Railroad Co. recruits Chinese workers for the transcontinental railroad.

1858 — California passes a law to bar entry of Chinese and “Mongolians.”

1861 to 1942: Exclusion and Jim Crow

1861 — The Civil War begins in Charleston, S.C.

1863 — President Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1.

1865 — The Civil War ends on April 26, after the surrender of the Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and J.E. Johnston.

1867 — Howard University, a predominantly black university, is founded in Washington, D.C.

1870 — Hiram R. Revels of Mississippi takes the former seat of Jefferson Davis in the U.S. Senate, becoming the only black in the U.S. Congress and the first elected to the Senate.

1875 — Page Law in Congress bars entry of Chinese, Japanese, and “Mongolian” prostitutes, felons, and contract laborers.

1882 — Chinese Exclusion Law suspends U.S. immigration of laborers for 10 years.

1894 — Saito, a Japanese man, applies for U.S. citizenship, but U.S. circuit courts refuse because he is neither white nor black.

1902 — Chinese exclusion extended for another 10 years.

1903 — First group of 7,000 Korean workers arrives in Hawaii to work as strikebreakers against Japanese workers.

1905 — Section 60 of California’s Civil Code amended to forbid marriage between whites and “Mongolians.”

1907 — President Theodore Roosevelt signs Executive Order 589 prohibiting Japanese with passports for Hawaii, Mexico, or Canada to re-emigrate to the U.S.
— First group of Filipino laborers arrives in Hawaii.

1908 — In Springfield, Ill., the black community is assaulted by several thousand white citizens and two elderly blacks are lynched.

1909 — A group of whites shocked by the Springfield riot of 1908 merge with W.E.B. Du Bois’s Niagara Movement, forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

1910 — Administrative measures used to restrict influx of South Asians into California.

1913 — California passes alien land law prohibiting “aliens ineligible to citizenship” from buying land or leasing it for longer than three years.

1917 — Racial antagonism toward blacks newly employed in war industries leads to riots that kill 40 blacks and eight whites in East Saint Louis, Ill.

1922 — Cable Act declares that any American female citizen who marries “an alien ineligible to citizenship” would lose her citizenship.

1924 — Immigration Act denies entry to virtually all Asians.

1925 — In an era when Ku Klux Klan membership exceeds 4,000,000 nationally, a parade of 50,000 unmasked members takes place in Washington, D.C.

1932 — In Tuskegee, Ala., the U.S. Public Health Service begins examining the course of untreated syphilis in black men, not telling them of their syphilis or their participation in the 40-year study.

1939 — The NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund is organized. Charles Hamilton Houston spearheads the effort to consolidate some of the nation’s best legal talents in the fight against legally sanctioned bias.

1941 — After declaring war on Japan, 2,000 Japanese community leaders along Pacific Coast states and Hawaii are rounded up and interned in Department of Justice camps.
— Following considerable protest, the War Department forms the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron of the U.S. Army Air Corps, later known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

1942 — President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 authorizing the secretary of war to delegate a military commander to designate military areas “from which any and all persons may be excluded” — primarily enforced against Japanese Americans.

1943 to 1992: Civil Rights and Continuing Wrongs

1943 — Congress repeals all Chinese exclusion laws, grants right of naturalization and a very small immigration quota to Chinese (105 per year).

1944 — Draft reinstated for Nisei.

1949 — 5,000 highly educated Chinese in the United States granted refugee status after China institutes a Communist government.

1954 — On May 17 the U.S. Supreme Court rules unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in public schools violates the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

1955 — Rosa Parks, secretary of the Montgomery, Ala., chapter of the NAACP, refuses to surrender her seat when ordered by a local bus driver, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56.

1956 — California repeals its alien land laws.
— Dalip Singh Saund from the Imperial Valley, Calif., is elected to Congress.

1957 — President Dwight D. Eisenhower orders federal troops into Little Rock, Ark., after unsuccessfully trying to persuade Governor Orval Faubus to give up efforts to block desegregation at Central High.

1960 — The sit-in movement is launched at Greensboro, N.C., when black college students insist on service at a local segregated lunch counter.

1961 — Testing desegregation practices in the South, the Freedom Rides, sponsored by CORE, encounter overwhelming violence.

1962 — Daniel K. Inouye becomes U.S. senator and Spark Matsunaga becomes U.S. congressman from Hawaii.

1963 — The Civil Rights Movement reaches its climax with a massive march on Washington, D.C.

1964 — President Lyndon Baines Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law, giving federal law enforcement agencies the power to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities.

1965 — Immigration Law abolishes “national origins” as basis for allocating immigration quotas to various countries — Asian countries now on an equal footing with others for the first time in U.S. history.
— Students at the University of California, Berkeley, strike for establishment of ethnic studies programs.
— The Voting Rights Act is passed following the Selma-to-Montgomery March.

1966 — The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense is founded in Oakland, Calif., by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

1968 — On April 4 the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn. The assassination is followed by a week of rioting in at least 125 cities across the nation, including Washington, D.C.

1975 — More than 130,000 refugees enter the United States from Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos as Communist governments are established there following the end of the Indochina War.

1978 — Massive exodus of people from Vietnam.
— In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court rules against fixed racial quotas but upholds the use of race as a factor in making decisions on admissions for professional schools.

1979 — Establishment of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the United States reunites members of long-separated Chinese American families.

1982 — Vincent Chin, a Chinese American draftsman, is clubbed to death with a baseball bat by two white men.

1983 — Civil-rights leader Jesse Jackson announces his intention to run for the Democratic presidential nomination, becoming the first African American to make a serious bid for the presidency.

1988 — The U.S. Senate votes 69 to 27 to support redress for Japanese Americans, creating The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 .

1989 — President George Bush signs into law an entitlement program to pay each surviving Japanese American internee $20,000.

1992 — Riots break out in Los Angeles, sparked by the acquittal of four white police officers caught on videotape beating Rodney King, a black motorist. The riots cause at least 55 deaths and $1 billion in damage.
— Korean businesses looted and burned as a result of riots in Los Angeles due to outrage over Rodney King verdict.

Sources: Asian American history from http://www.cetel.org/timeline.html. African American history from http://blackhistory.eb.com/timeline.html.